Generally, morphological plasticity is important for submerged macrophytes to adapt to a changing water environment ( Barrett et al., 1993 Strand and Weisner, 2001). Their habitat structure, reproductive system, and gene flow are quite different from those of terrestrial plants ( Barrett et al., 1993 Van Zuidam and Peeters, 2015). Submerged macrophytes are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and they play an important role in maintaining the biological diversity and functional stability of aquatic ecosystems ( Carpenter and Lodge, 1986 Scheffer et al., 1992). (2017) also showed that the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N): P stoichiometric homeostasis indices ( H P’s) of tundra plants were positively correlated with the biomass of their aboveground parts. (2010) demonstrated that the stoichiometric homeostasis of Inner Mongolia grassland plants was positively correlated with its dominance and productivity in ecosystems, and plant communities with a high level of homeostasis also had a highly stable structure and function. It is a basic theory of ecological stoichiometry and reflects the response of physiological and biochemical allocations within the organisms to the external environment ( Yu et al., 2011 Leal et al., 2017). verticillata exhibited a high growth rate and a high accumulation of P content, making it the most suitable species in this study for removing large amounts of P from water in a short term.Įcological stoichiometric homeostasis refers to the ability of organisms to maintain the stability of their own element contents and ratios in a changing environment ( Elser et al., 2000 Sterner and Elser, 2002 Yu et al., 2010 Yu et al., 2011). In summary, the P stoichiometric homeostasis in submerged macrophytes could reflect their responses to environmental changes, and the P content of submerged macrophytes was an indicator of the bioavailability of external P. natans was significantly higher than those of H. The H P decreased by the growth time the H P of V. The P stoichiometric homeostasis index ( H P) in the belowground parts of the three submerged macrophytes was higher than that of the aboveground parts. Among these factors, the variance contribution rates caused by the differences of nutrient levels in water column were the highest at more than 50%. The variation of species, organ, growth time, and nutrient level could significantly affect the P contents of submerged macrophytes. The results showed that the water conductivity, turbidity, and chlorophyll content increased significantly with the increasing nutrient levels. In this study, the stoichiometric characteristics and stoichiometric homeostasis of P in the aboveground and belowground parts of three submerged macrophytes, Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, and Ceratophyllum demersum (L.), with great differences in growth forms, were studied under different growth times and nutrient levels via laboratory experiments. However, the degree to which submerged macrophytes maintain their tissue P contents in various nutrient levels and the corresponding influencing factors are still not very clear. Submerged macrophytes have a strong ability to absorb P and play important roles in maintaining aquatic ecosystem functions. SUBMERSE OR SUBMERGE M SERIESExcessive P input often leads to cyanobacterial bloom, thus triggering ecological imbalances and a series of environmental problems. Phosphorus (P) is a limiting element in many aquatic ecosystems. 2Ministry of Water Resources Research Center of Poyang Lake Water Resources and Water Environment, Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, China.1Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Resources Efficient Utilization, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China.Wei Li 1*, Yujie Li 1, Jiayou Zhong 2, Hui Fu 2, Jie Tu 1 and Houbao Fan 1
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